FID Computer Simulation

Introduction

As you do this exercise, record your observations and comments. Take your time and think about what each step shows. Questions are in italic. When you have completed the exercise, hand in your observations and comments.

Two Freeware programs, NMR Spin System Simulator (SSS) and FTNMR Simulator, are used for this exercise. They are loaded on the computers in KB 405 or you may download them from the network and load them on your own computer. This exercise was developed for Chemistry 465, Advanced Spectroscopy, at Widener University by S.E. Van Bramer.

The Rotating Frame with NMR Spin System Simulator (SSS)

Overview of the program, features available:

1. Setup
   1. Parameters: This defines the spin system to observe
      1. Observe Frequency: This is the rotational frequency of the observed nuclei in the rotating frame.
      2. T₁ Relaxation: This is relaxation along B_o.
      3. T₂ Relaxation This is relaxation in the XY plane.
   2. One Spin: A single nucleus. We will use this system for today's exercise.
   3. AX Homonuclear: Two nuclei of the same element, shows homonuclear (ie: H-H) coupling.
   4. AX Heteronuclear: Two nuclei of different elements, shows heteronuclear (ie: H-C) coupling.

2. Commands
   1. Undo: Go back one step.
   2. Reset: Resets the spin system to equilibrium starting point.
   3. Pulse: Applies a pulse of any Angle and Phase.
   4. Delay: Lets the spin system evolve for a set time interval.

3. Options
   1. Relaxation: Toggles on/off T₁ and T₂ relaxation effects.
   2. Animation: Toggles on/off animation. This shows the evolution of the system during a delay. Changing the Update period controls the frequency of the frames. Suggested value is 1 ms. Shorter update periods make the animation go slower, longer update periods make the animation go faster.
   3. Labels: Toggles on/off the labels for the X, Y, and Z axes.

What is happening in the rotating frame?

1. Start the program and set defaults
   1. Switch to a one spin system (Setup, One Spin)
   2. Turn on Animation (Options, Animation, 2 ms)
   3. Label the Axes (Options, Labels)

2. Apply a pulse and see what happens
   1. 90 degree pulse on X
   2. Observe for 1 second (Commands, Delay, 1 s)
   3. Describe What happened

3. Make some changes to the observe frequency and see what happens
   1. Change the observe frequency to 5 Hz (Setup, Parameters, Observe frequency)
   2. 90 degree pulse on X
   3. Observe for 1 second (Commands, Delay, 1 s)
   4. Describe What happened, what is different.
   5. Try some other observe frequencies (2 Hz, 1 Hz, -1 Hz) and describe what happens.

4. Change the pulse phase and see what happens
   1. Set the observe frequency to 5 Hz
   2. Apply a 90 degree pulse on Y
   3. Observe for 1 second
   4. Describe what happened, what is different?
   5. Reset (Commands, Reset) and try pulses on -X and -Y
   6. Does this program use the left hand or right hand rule for applying pulses?
   7. Reset and try a 90 pulse with a 30 degree phase (Commands, Pulse)
   8. Describe what happens, is this what you expected?

5. Change the pulse angle and see what happens
   1. Reset and apply a 45 degree pulse with a 0 degree phase (Commands, Pulse)
   2. Describe what happened, what is different, Look at the energy diagram and the magnitude of the magnetization vector (blue line) in the XY Plane. If only the magnetization in the XY plane is detected, what will happen to the size of the signal?
   3. Repeat with a 15 degree pulse angle.

6. Introduction to Relaxation
   1. Reset
   2. Turn on Relaxation (Options, Relaxation)
   3. Apply a 90 degree pulse on X
   4. Observe for 1 second
   5. Has the net magnetization vector returned to equilibrium? Observe for additional time until it does. How long does this take?
   6. Describe what happened, notice the size of the net magnetization vector, the angle to the Z axis, and the magnitude of the magnetization in the XY plane.
   7. Change the observe frequency to 0 Hz, this will make it easier to see what happens, and repeat.
   8. Change T₁ to 10 seconds and repeat (observe for 10 seconds or longer, you may want to change the animation settings to speed this up).
   9. Describe what changed for this experiment.
   10. Set T₁ to 1 second and T2 to 1 second and repeat observations.
   11. Set T₂ to 2 seconds. What happens? NOTE: actually the statement from the program is not correct, experimental systems have been found where T₂ is longer than T₁. Current understanding is that T₂ can not be greater than 2*T₁.

Introduction to the FID with FTNMR Simulator

Open the Program (FTNMR)

Enter Parameters

1. Frequency (First Nucleus, 10 Hz)
2. Intensity (First Nucleus, 1)
3. Done
4. Noise (0)
5. Flip Angle (90)
6. T2 (90)
7. Continue

Look at the FID

1. See how the FID Develops from the rotating frame vectors (Show FID, ShowVectors)
2. Observe the correlation between the rotating vector and the intensity of the FID
3. Notice when the left hand and right hand rules are used
4. Determine the frequency of the FID and relate this to the Frequency of the Nucleus
5. Display the Frequencies (Show Freqs)
6. Look at the real and imaginary FID (Show FID, 0.8 sec, real or imaginary)
7. What is the difference between the real and imaginary FID?
8. Compare the data points to the frequency (Show Points, Points Only)

How the frequency is represented in the FID

1. Reset the Experiment (Start Over, Complete Restart)
2. Change the Frequency to 5 Hz
3. Done
4. Continue
5. Determine the frequency of the FID and relate this to the Frequency of the Nucleus
6. Display the Frequencies (Show Freqs)
7. Compare the data points to the frequency (Show Points, Points Only)
8. How is the frequency of the nucleus represented in the FID?

Effect of T2 relaxation on the FID

1. Reset the Experiment (Start Over, same frequencies...)
2. Set T₂ to 1 sec
3. What effect does this have on the FID?
4. See how the FID Develops from the rotating frame vectors
5. What happens in the rotating frame that explains the changes in the FID?
6. Set T2 to 0.1 second and repeat
7. Comment on the amount of information present in this FID, compared with the longer T2

Effect of Pulse Angle on the FID

1. Reset the Experiment
2. Set T₂ to 1 sec
3. Change the Flip angle to 20 degrees
4. What effect does this have on the FID?

Multiple Spin Systems

1. Reset the Experiment
2. First Nucleus, Frequency 10 Hz, Intensity 1
3. Second Nucleus, Frequency 5 Hz, Intensity 1
4. 90 Degree Pulse
5. Look at the FID, can you see the two frequency components?
6. See how the FID Develops from the rotating frame vectors (Show FID, ShowVectors)
7. Observe the correlation between the rotating vectors and the intensity of the FID
8. Measure the frequency of the FID and relate this to the frequency of the nucleus
9. Display the Frequencies (Show Freqs)

Please send any comments, corrections, or suggestions to svanbram@science.widener.edu.

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Last Updated Monday, July 28, 1997 07:51:41